The SAM (Successive Approximation Model) instructional design approach represents a significant shift from traditional, linear design methodologies. Developed by Dr. Michael Allen, founder of Allen Interactions and a renowned expert in instructional design, SAM was created to address the limitations of sequential models like ADDIE. While ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) has been the go-to framework for many instructional designers, its linear structure often leads to discovering design flaws too late in the process, resulting in costly and time-consuming revisions.
The SAM model comes in two primary versions to accommodate different project needs. SAM1 offers a streamlined three-phase approach ideal for smaller projects with limited resources, while SAM2 provides a more comprehensive framework suitable for larger, team-based initiatives. The latter includes additional elements like the "Savvy Start," a collaborative brainstorming session bringing together key stakeholders to establish project direction and alignment from the outset. This early collaboration represents one of SAM's core strengths over traditional approaches.
What makes SAM particularly valuable for rapid development is its emphasis on iterative prototyping. Rather than waiting until the development phase to create a fully-realized product, SAM encourages designers to build quick, early prototypes that can be tested and refined. This approach saves significant time by identifying issues early when they're easier and less expensive to fix. The model also fosters creativity and innovation through its collaborative nature and emphasis on experimentation, ultimately leading to higher-quality learning experiences despite faster development timelines.
The SAM model consists of three primary phases: Preparation, Iterative Design, and Iterative Development. In the Preparation phase, designers gather essential information about performance goals and learning needs. This typically involves meeting with stakeholders, identifying performance gaps, defining success metrics, and collecting relevant content. The Iterative Design phase introduces rapid prototyping, with continuous feedback loops to refine the approach. During this phase, teams conduct a Savvy Start session, sketch learning experiences, and create quick prototypes that are shared with stakeholders for immediate feedback and revision.
The final Iterative Development phase involves creating working versions of the learning solution and refining them through ongoing testing. Designers develop functioning components, conduct internal testing after each element is built, run pilot tests with representative users, collect detailed feedback, and apply final refinements. The result is a learning solution that has been thoroughly vetted and improved throughout the development process, rather than one that undergoes major revisions after significant resources have already been invested
For instructional designers looking to implement SAM effectively, several best practices can help ensure success. Prioritizing a collaborative Savvy Start brings stakeholders together early to establish a shared vision. Beginning prototyping as early as possible—even with "dirty designs" or rough mockups—allows for rapid feedback before significant development resources are committed. Building regular review and feedback points throughout the project keeps the solution learner-focused and adaptable. Finally, maintaining flexibility and a willingness to pivot when necessary helps the design team leverage SAM's inherent adaptability to changing needs.
Despite its advantages, teams implementing SAM often encounter common pitfalls. Many treat SAM as simply a "watered-down ADDIE," following it in name only while still working in long, linear phases with limited feedback. To avoid this, teams should embrace true iteration with short, focused cycles. Another common mistake is skipping the Savvy Start or making it too formal, robbing the process of its creative potential. Keeping these sessions collaborative and hands-on with diverse perspectives maintains SAM's innovative spirit. Finally, neglecting real user feedback in favor of stakeholder input alone undermines one of SAM's key strengths. Involving end users early and often, observing their interactions with content, and using their feedback to drive improvements ensures the final solution truly meets learner needs.
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